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David Reiss (1937) is a Psychiatrist and Researcher. He currently is a Clinical Professor in the Yale Child Study Center, Yale University. His most notable contribution to the field came in 1981, when he published his monumental book, ''The Family's Construction of Reality''. The book thoroughly details the 5-year research, conducted at the George Washington University, on families. ==Family construing== The term ''Family Paradigm'' is used by the author to define a set of shared beliefs and views that every family has, even though they are mainly present at a subliminal level. His research started off as a way to investigate whether some aspects of family life had influences over the development of schizophrenia in the offspring of the family. Thus, three different types of families were subjected to numerous experiments: families without any psychopathological diagnosis, families with offspring (aging 12 to 30) that had characterial disorders, and families with offspring that had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The preliminary studies showed that families, when given tasks that dealt with gathering, interpreting and communicating information, differed one another in very specific ways, that could be interpreted as an extension, to the family as a whole, of George Kelly's concept of personal construct, thus becoming shared constructs. Reiss states that shared construing always happens, and follows very specific interaction patterns, that the family has carefully but subconsciously created throughout its life. The types of constructs the family forms are directly derived from the interaction of three polar variables: *Configuration (ability to grasp the complexity of patterns underlying in the environment, going from "subtle, detailed or highly structured" to "coarse, simple or chaotic"); *Coordination (which "refers to family member's ability and willingness to develop problem solutions similar to each others", ); *Closure (which "refers to the family's proclivity for suspending or applying order and coherent concepts to raw sensory experience", ). By crossing these variables we could possibly obtain eight different types of families, but the authors investigate only four possible configurations, thus dividing families on the basis of their shared construing of the laboratory experience: *Environment-sensitive families (families without psychopathology, scoring high on all three dimensions) *Consensus-sensitive families (families with schizophrenic offspring, scoring high on coordination, but low on both closure and configuration) *Distance-sensitive families (families with delinquential or characterial problems, scoring low on all three dimensions) *Achievement-sensitive families (families characterized by a very high competitivity between its members, scoring high on both configuration and closure, but low on coordination). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「David Reiss (psychologist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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